दशनामी नागा संप्रदाय ने समृद्ध की परंपरा

इलाहाबाद, [शरद द्विवेदी]। अखाड़ों की परंपरा को दशनामी नागा साधुओं ने और समृद्ध किया। इन योद्धा संन्यासियों की स्थापना का कारण था कि परमहंस संन्यासियों ने यह अनुभव किया कि केवल शास्त्र ज्ञान के आधार पर ही आसुरी वृत्तियों पर विजय नहीं मिल सकती। तब से अब तक शास्त्रधारी और शस्त्रधारी साधु हर बार जहां कहीं भी कुंभ मेले लगते हैं, आते हैं। अखाड़ों के इतिहास पर लंबे समय से अध्ययन कर रहे डॉ. कृष्णानंद पांडेय के अनुसार कुंभ महापर्व में नागा संन्यासियों के आगमन की परंपरा का इतिहास पुराना है। प्रसिद्ध इतिहासविद् यदुनाथ सरकार ने भी कहा है कि भारत में नागा संप्रदाय की परंपरा प्रागैतिहासिक है। सिंधु की रम्य घाटी में स्थित विख्यात मोहनजोदड़ो की खुदाई में पाई जाने वाली मुद्रा तथा उस पर पशुओं द्वारा पूजित एवं दिगंबर रूप में विराजमान पशुपति की अंकन इस बात का प्रमाण है कि वैदिक वांग्मय में भी ऐसे जटाधारी तपस्वियों का वर्णन मिलता है। भगवान शिव इन तपस्वियों के अराध्य देव हैं। सिकंदर महान के साथ आए यूनानियों को अनेक दिगंबर दार्शनिकों के दर्शन हुए थे। बुद्ध और महावीर भी इन्हीं दार्शनिकों के दो प्रदान संघों के अधिनायक थे। कुछ विद्वानों का मत है कि नागा संन्यासियों के अखाड़े आदि शंकराचार्य के पहले भी थे, लेकिन उस समय इन्हें अखाड़ा नाम से नहीं पुकारा जाता था। इन्हें बेड़ा अर्थात साधुओं का जत्था कहा जाता था। दशनामी अखाड़ों में से एक पंचायती महानिर्वाणी अखाड़ा के विद्वान महंत गोविंद गिरि का मानना है कि बौद्ध मठों में कदाचार एवं धर्म पर अत्याचार को रोकने के लिए आदि शंकराचार्य ने इन जत्थों को संगठित किया और मठों में स्थापित कराया। पहले अखाड़ा शब्द का चलन नहीं था। साधुओं के जत्थे में पीर और तद्वीर होते थे। अखाड़ा शब्द का चलन मुगलकाल से शुरू हुआ। नागा संन्यासियों में से अधिकांश आचार्य शंकर द्वारा संगठित सबसे पुरातन और सबसे विशाल व प्रभावशाली संघ दशनामी संप्रदाय के अंतर्गत आते हैं। दीक्षा के समय प्रत्येक दशनामी जैसा कि उसके नाम से ही स्पष्ट है, निम्न नामों, गिरि, पुरी, भारती, वन, अरण्य, पर्वत, सागर, तीर्थ, आश्रम या सरस्वती में से किसी एक नाम से अभिभूषित किया जाता है। इसके पश्चात उसे कुछ प्रतिज्ञा करनी पड़ती है, जिनके अनुसार वह यह संकल्प करता है कि वह दिन में एक बार से अधिक भोजन नहीं करेगा। सात घरों से अधिक घरों से मधुकरी नहीं मांगेगा। भूमि के अतिरिक्त किसी अन्य स्थान में शयन नहीं करेगा। न वह किसी के सामने नतमस्तक होगा, न ही किसी की प्रशंसा करेगा, न किसी के विपरीत दुर्वचनों का प्रयोग करेगा और न अपने से श्रेष्ठ श्रेणी के संन्यासी की छोड़कर अन्य किसी का अभिवादन करेगा। गेरुआ वस्त्र के अतिरिक्त अन्य किसी भी वस्त्र से अपने को आच्छादित नहीं करेगा। डॉ. कृष्णानंद पांडेय के अनुसार इन दशनामी नागाओं के दो अंग हैं:- शास्त्रधारी और अस्त्रधारी। शास्त्रधारी शास्त्रों आदि का अध्ययन कर अपना आध्यात्मिक विकास करते हैं तथा अस्त्रधारी अस्त्रादि में कुशलता प्राप्त करते हैं। इन संन्यासियों की चार श्रेणियां हैं- कुटीचक, बहूदक, हंस और परमहंस। नागाओं में परमहंस सर्वश्रेष्ठ माने जाते हैं। नागाओं में शस्त्रधारी नागा अखाड़ों के रूप में संगठित हैं। कन्हैयालाल माणिकलाल मुंशी के अनुसार भारतीय इतिहास के कितने ही पृष्ठ ऐसे ही शस्त्रधारी संन्यासियों के पराक्रम के कार्यो से रंगे पड़े हैं।

Source http://www.jagran.com/spiritual/religion-dashnami-naga-sampradaya-10274.html

Dasnami:
The Ten Names

Adi Shankaracharya (8th century CE) organized monks into into ten orders (dasa=ten, nami=names). Many, possibly most, although not all swamis are related to one of these. Each related to common characteristics of the monks of each of the orders, as it was at that time. In the past 1200 years, however, there is not such a close relationship to the underlying meaning of the name. For example, it may have been true at one time that the monks of the Puri order "lived in the cities", although that is not a requirement, and swamis today of Puri dasnami live any a diversity of locations, some in cities, and some not. The relation to the name is nominal, at best.

Swami Rama writes in Living with the Himalayan Masters: "Our tradition is Bharati. Bha means 'knowledge'; rati means 'lover.' Bharati means 'he who is the lover of knowledge.' From this comes the word Bharata, the land of spiritual knowledge, one of the Sanskrit names used for India." Swami Rama's linkage to Bharati comes from his initiation as Dandi (staff carrying) swami, which was given to him by a leader of swamis who was of the Bharati order. At that time Swami Rama became known as Dandi Swami Sadashiva Bharati. It was much later that he took the name Swami Rama.

Bharati: full of light

Giri: live in the mountains

Puri: live in the cities

Saraswati: scholars

Van: live in forests

Aranya: live in groves

Tirtha: live in pilgrimage places

Parvat: live in the high mountains

Sagar: live at the ocean

Nath: defenders of the faith

Source: http://www.swamij.com/dasnami.htm

Dashanami Sampradaya

Dashanami Sampradaya (IAST Daśanāmi Saṃpradāya "Tradition of Ten Names") is a Hindu monastic tradition of Ekadandi sannyasins (wandering renunciates carrying a single staff)[1][2][3] generally associated with the Advaita Vedanta tradition. They are distinct in their practices from the Saiva Tridandi sannyāsins or "trident renunciates" and from Vaisnava sannyāsins[4][note 1][note 2]
In the 8th century a section of the Ekadandis were organized by Adi Shankara in four maṭhas. However, the association of the Dasanāmis with the Sankara maṭhas remained nominal.[web 1] Any Hindu, irrespective of class, caste, age or gender can seek sannyāsa as an Ekadandi monk under the Dasanāmi tradition.

For more

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dashanami_Sampradaya

Dasanami's Math, Pada,Gotras,etc

	Dakshina- Amnaya (Southern)	Paschima- Amnaya (Western)	Purva-amnaya (Eastern)	Uttara-amanaya (Northern)
Math -Monastery	Shringeri	Dwaraka	JagannathPuri	Jyotirdham
Pada(Order)	Puri, Sarasvati, Bharati	Tirth, Ashram	Vana, Aranya	Giri, Parvat. Sagar
Acharya	Sureswar	Hastamalaka	Padmapada	Totakacharya
Sampradaya(Sect)	Bhurivara	Keeravara	Bhagavara	Anandavara
Kshetra	Rameswar	Dwaraka	Purushottam	Badri-kshetra
God(Deva)	Adi-Varaha	Siddheswar	Jagannatha	Narayana
Upanishad	Brihadaranyaka	Chhandogya	Taittiriya	Mandukya
Veda	Yajurveda	Samaveda	Rikveda	Atharva-Veda
Mahavakya	Aham-Brahmasmi	Tattvamasi	Prajnanum Brahma	AyamAtma Brahma
Goddess	Kamakshi (Sarada)	BhadraKali	Vimala	PurnaaGiri
Tirtha(River)	Tungabhadra	GomatiTirtha	Mahonadhi	Alakananda
Gotra	Bhaveswar	Adhigata	Kashyap	Bhrigu

Hinduism and Culture in Nepal

Dashnami Sanyasi

Dashnami are the hindu racial group in Nepal. Das or Dash being 10 in Nepali, dashnami includes people having 10 last names (Surnames/family names).

According to hindu mythology it is a Hindu monastic tradition of Ekadandi sannyasins generally associated with the Advaita Vedanta tradition. They are distinct in their practices from the Saiva sanyasi (Tridandi) and from Vaisnav sanyasi. TheTridandi sanyasi continue to wear Janai (the sacred thread  accross the shoulder) after renunciation, while Ekadandi sanyasi do not. Any Hindu, irrespective of class, caste, age or gender can seek sanyas as an Ekadandi monk under the Dasnami tradition.

Sri Adi Shankara of India (around 789 AD) organized a part of the Ekadandi monks under an umbrella grouping of ten names to provide an organized base for the growth of Hinduism. Later on these 10 groups became 10 surnames. But many of these branch are different and not in control of Shankara Math today. Some of the branch started their own tradition and beliefs during centuries.

Dasnamis in Nepal are :-

Giri  (Peak of mountain)
Puri (A town)
Bharathi (the Goddess of speech)
Ban or Van (the forest)
Tirtha (A shrine or pilgrimage)
Parvat (a mountain)
Sagar (the ocean)
Saraswati (the Goddess of learning)
Aashram (Hermitage)
Aranya (forest) 

Dashnami Definition in britannica.com

Dashnami Sannyasin, Hindu Shaivite  ascetic who belongs to one of the 10 orders (dashnami, “ten names”) established by the philosopher Shankara in the 8th century ce and still flourishing in India today. The 10 orders are Aranya, Ashrama, Bharati, Giri, Parvata, Puri, Sarasvati, Sagara, Tirtha, and Vana. Each order is attached to one of four monasteries (mathas), also established by Shankara, in the north, south, east, and west parts of India. They are Jyoti (Joshi) Matha (atBadrinath, near Haridwar, Uttar Pradesh state); Shringeri Matha (Sringeri, Karnataka state); Govardhana Matha (Puri, Orissa state); and Sharada Matha (Dwarka, Gujarat state). The heads of the monasteries are called mahants (the head of the Shringeri Matha is called jagadguru, “teacher of the world”); they continue to be consulted on points of doctrine and to be accorded the highest respect by Hindu laymen as well as by the ascetics who follow them.

Dashnami sannyasins typically wear ochre-coloured robes and, if they can obtain one, carry on their shoulders a tiger or leopard skin to sit on. They wear a mark (tilaka), ideally made with ash from a cremation fire, consisting of three horizontal bands across the forehead and on other parts of their body, and a necklace-rosary consisting of 108 rudraksha seeds. They allow their beards to grow and wear their hair loose about their shoulders or else tied in a topknot.

Some extreme dashnamis go about naked. They are called naga (“naked”) sannyasins and are the most militant among the ascetics. In the past the naga sannyasins on occasion engaged in battles with Islamic militants and with the naked ascetics of other Hindu sects.

Source : http://www.britannica.com

SHDHU/SANNYASI

SHDHU/SANNYASI

In Hinduism, the terms Sadhu, Swami and Sannyasi refer to renunciates and spiritual masters, who have usually left behind all material attachments to live in forests, temples and caves all over India. The word "Sadhu" is the general term for a Hindu ascetic who has given up the pursuit of the first three Hindu goals of life: kama (pleasure), artha (wealth and power), and even dharma (duty), to solely dedicate himself to achieving moksha (liberation) through meditation and contemplation of God. The title Swami literally translates as "owner of oneself," denoting complete mastery over instinctive and lower urges. Many yogis and gurus (teachers) of the Hindu tradition hold the title of Swami as a sign of respect denoting spiritual accomplishment.
Holy men and women have long played an important role in Indian culture and religious traditions. As a result, there are a variety of Hindu terms used to denote religious mendicants. The most famous terms are "Yogis" (those who practice Yoga), "Gurus" (those who dispel spiritual darkness), "Sadhus" (medicants), "Swamis" (Spiritual Masters), "Rishis" (Seers), and "Sannyasis" (Renunciates). The number of these terms is a sign of the importance of holy men and women in Indian life even today.